The PRIMARY OIC ruling behind halal MAKE-TO-ORDER / OFF-PLAN finance
The PRIMARY OIC ruling behind halal MAKE-TO-ORDER / OFF-PLAN finance — the istiṣnāʿ (manufacture / construction-order) contract — the International Islamic Fiqh Academy (OIC), Resolution No. 65 (3/7), titled in the Academy's official English edition 'Istiṣnāʾ (Manufacturing) Contract' (the older IRTI/IDB printed edition renders the same ruling '"'Aqd Istisna'a" (Manufacture Contracts)'), adopted at the Academy's 7th session in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, on 7–12 Dhū al-Qiʿdah 1412h (9–14 May 1992). This is the corpus's NINTH article anchored on a genuine PRIMARY OIC / IIFA resolution read verbatim, and it completes the primary-source coverage of the three sale-based financing contracts the site's own halal home-finance guidance leans on: murabaha (Res 40-41), ijarah / lease-to-own (Res 110) and now istiṣnāʿ (Res 65) — the make-to-order sale that is the direct Shariah basis for buying an OFF-PLAN home before it is built and for construction, manufacturing and project finance. The resolution's whole purpose is to make istiṣnāʿ a genuine binding SALE of a precisely-described future good — not a disguised interest loan. Its core is short. Verbatim (official edition), the contract 'is binding on both parties if it meets the basic requirements and conditions', and those requirements are anti-gharar: 'A clear statement of the nature, type, amount and required specifications of the product to be manufactured' plus 'A specification of the deadline' (the IRTI edition: 'The nature, type, amount and required specifications of the product to be manufactured' and 'The time limit shall be specified'). Crucially for finance, verbatim: 'it is permissible to defer payment in full or in installments according to predetermined installments and specific deadlines' — so the price of a thing that must still be MADE may be paid up front, in instalments, or wholly deferred, and the financier's return is the maker's margin on producing a real described asset, NOT interest on money lent. The Fourth clause permits a penalty clause 'if both contracting parties agree, unless subject to force majeure' — and the Academy's own later Penalty-Clause ruling (Resolution No. 109 (3/12)) reads that permission narrowly and in a way that goes to the heart of riba: a penalty may be imposed on the MANUFACTURER who fails to deliver on time, but it is 'not permissible ... to impose such a clause in the Istisna contract on a purchaser who fails to meet his obligations', because a penalty on a debtor's late PAYMENT of money 'is usurious in the strict sense'. It is the single clearest primary-source checklist an ordinary reader can put to any 'Islamic off-plan', 'construction' or 'manufacturing' finance: a precisely-specified good with a fixed deadline, a price that is the maker's margin (deferrable without becoming interest), a binding two-sided sale, and penalties only ever on the maker's non-delivery — never on a buyer's late payment.
What this source says
Every one of this corpus's other primary OIC anchors sits on a particular seam of a bank's business — the FINANCING side (Resolution No. 10, that conventional interest is riba; Resolution No. 40-41, murabaha to the purchase orderer), the DEPOSIT side (Resolution No. 86, that a current account is a loan; Resolution No. 222, on the perks a bank may give a depositor), the HOME-FINANCE / leasing side (Resolution No. 110, lease-to-own) and the INVESTMENT side (Resolution No. 30, the muqaradah bond / investment certificate). This entry closes the last gap in the sale-contract triangle the site's own halal home-finance guidance leans on. That guidance rests on three sale-based structures: a partnership that buys and rents (musharakah + ijarah, Res 110), a bank buying and reselling at a disclosed mark-up (murabaha, Res 40-41), and — for a home that does not yet exist — a contract to have it BUILT to order. That third contract is istiṣnāʿ, and its primary OIC ruling is Resolution No. 65 (3/7), adopted by the International Islamic Fiqh Academy of the OIC at its 7th session in Jeddah over 7–12 Dhū al-Qiʿdah 1412h (9–14 May 1992). Istiṣnāʿ is the 'make-to-order' sale: you contract for a good that must still be manufactured, processed or constructed to your specification. It is the direct Shariah basis for buying an OFF-PLAN home before a brick is laid, and for construction, manufacturing and project finance generally. Like the Academy's other finance rulings it is collective ijtihad by the OIC's supra-madhab body of assembled senior scholars, which is why it can speak for the practice of the whole Muslim world rather than one school.
The resolution is deliberately short — four clauses — because istiṣnāʿ is an old, well-settled contract; the Academy's work here is to fix its modern financing use, not to re-derive it. Start with what the contract IS and the fact that it BINDS. Verbatim (official edition), the First clause: 'Istiṣnāʾ contract, which has been mentioned with regard to work and goods on credit, is binding on both parties if it meets the basic requirements and conditions.' The IRTI edition renders the same clause 'That the Istisna'a (manufacture) contract which has been mentioned with regard to work and goods on credit is binding on both parties if it meets the basic requirements and conditions.' The word that matters is BINDING: once the specification and terms are set, neither party may unilaterally walk away. That is what separates a real istiṣnāʿ sale from a mere non-binding promise to buy — and it is what lets a financier treat the to-be-built asset as genuinely sold, not merely promised.
The Second clause is the anti-gharar discipline — the guard against the 'excessive uncertainty' this corpus's own gharar entry explains. Verbatim (official edition): 'The Istiṣnāʾ contract must fulfill the following requirements: a. A clear statement of the nature, type, amount and required specifications of the product to be manufactured. b. A specification of the deadline.' The IRTI edition: 'The Istisna'a contract must stipulate the following: a) The nature, type, amount and required specifications of the product to be manufactured. b) The time limit shall be specified.' In plain terms: you cannot order 'a house' — you must pin down the thing to be made (nature, type, amount, exact specifications) AND a delivery deadline, so there is nothing vague enough to breed a dispute. This is the same substance the Academy spells out in its housing resolution (see below), which requires that 'the specifications of the house are minutely enumerated in the contract, not leaving any vagueness which can lead to disputes.' (An honest note on sources belongs right here: the Academy's own English WEB PAGE for this resolution truncates clause 2b to the incomplete fragment 'A specification of the' — the completing word 'deadline' is recovered from the Academy's official Oct 2021 PDF and independently confirmed by the IRTI edition's 'The time limit shall be specified', not supplied by guesswork.)
The Third clause is the one that makes istiṣnāʿ a FINANCING tool rather than a cash purchase, and it is the seam where a halal structure and an interest loan look superficially alike but are not. Verbatim (official edition): 'In the Istiṣnāʾ contract, it is permissible to defer payment in full or in installments according to predetermined installments and specific deadlines.' The IRTI edition: 'In the Istisna's contract, payment may be deferred in full or scheduled according to pre-determined installments and specific due dates.' Read that carefully. The price of a thing that must still be MADE may be paid up front, spread over instalments, or wholly deferred to the end. This is exactly what a financier needs — and it is halal because the money being repaid is the PRICE OF A REAL DESCRIBED ASSET the maker undertakes to produce and deliver, not interest on a sum of money lent. The financier's profit is a manufacturer's / supplier's margin on delivering a genuine good, embedded in an agreed sale price; it is not a charge for the mere passage of time on a debt. This is also what distinguishes istiṣnāʿ from its sibling salam (the corpus's salam entry covers that contract): in salam the full price MUST be paid in advance, whereas in istiṣnāʿ the price need not be — a difference the Academy's housing resolution flags explicitly by pointing to 'the jurists who distinguish it from the contract of Salam'.
The Fourth clause permits a penalty for late delivery, and this is where the resolution's riba discipline is sharpest — because a penalty clause is precisely the device through which interest can sneak back into a sale. Verbatim (official edition): 'In the Istiṣnāʾ contract, it is permissible to include a penalty clause if both contracting parties agree, unless subject to force majeure.' The IRTI edition: 'The Istisna'a contract may include a penalty clause if so agreed by the two contracting parties, subject to the case of force majeure.' Standing alone that could be misread as licence for any late-payment charge; the Academy closed that door itself, later and explicitly, in its dedicated Penalty-Clause ruling, Resolution No. 109 (3/12), which 'confirms the Academy's previous resolutions concerning the penalty clause' and quotes THIS resolution by name before drawing the line. Verbatim (official edition of Res 109): 'It is permissible to include a penalty clause in all financial contracts except when the original commitment is a debt. The imposition of a penalty clause in debt contracts is usurious in the strict sense. Accordingly, it is permissible, for instance, to make a penalty clause on the contractor in the construction contract, the supplier in supply contracts and the manufacturer in Istina contracts if they fail to or delay in meeting their commitments. It is not permissible, for instance, to make a penalty clause in Installment Sale on a debtor who delays the payment of unpaid installments... It is also not permissible to impose such a clause in the Istisna contract on a purchaser who fails to meet his obligations.' So the penalty a Res 65 istiṣnāʿ contract may carry is a penalty on the MAKER who is late DELIVERING the good — a genuine compensation for non-performance — and NEVER a penalty on the BUYER who is late PAYING money, because a surcharge on a money-debt 'is usurious in the strict sense'. That single distinction — penalty on non-delivery good, surcharge on late money bad — is the substance-over-form test that runs through the whole corpus, applied to the one clause most likely to be abused.
Why does this matter for the everyday question 'is this off-plan / construction / manufacturing finance actually halal'? Because the Academy itself ties istiṣnāʿ directly to home ownership. In its housing resolution — Resolution No. 50 (1/6), on lawful ways for a Muslim to acquire a home — it lists istiṣnāʿ as one of the permitted routes. Verbatim (official edition): 'The house can also be acquired through the contract of Istiṣnāʿ on the basis that it is binding to the parties. In this contract, the purchase of a house can be completed before it is built, provided that the specifications of the house are minutely enumerated in the contract, not leaving any vagueness which can lead to disputes. In this case, payment of price in cash and in full is not necessary, rather, it is permissible to defer the payment of price to such installments as may be agreed upon, keeping in mind all the conditions prescribed for Istisna according to the fiqh scholars who distinguished it from the contract of Salam.' (The IRTI edition renders the same point d) almost identically, 'keeping in view all the conditions prescribed for the "Istisna" according to the jurists who distinguish it from the contract of "Salam".') In other words, the Academy's own answer to 'how may a Muslim buy a not-yet-built home without an interest mortgage' is: have it BUILT to a minutely-specified order under istiṣnāʿ, at an agreed price you may pay in instalments — Resolution No. 65's contract, put to the exact use this site cares about.
From all of this the reader gets a concrete, supra-madhab checklist from the primary source itself for any 'Islamic off-plan', 'construction' or 'manufacturing' finance: (1) SPECIFICATION — is the thing to be made pinned down in the contract (nature, type, amount, exact specifications) WITH a delivery deadline, so there is no vagueness left to breed a dispute? (2) A PRICE, NOT INTEREST — is what you pay the agreed price of a real described asset the maker must produce and deliver (which may lawfully be deferred or paid in instalments), rather than a charge for time on money lent? (3) BINDING BOTH WAYS — once specs and terms are set, does the contract bind both parties, so it is a genuine sale and not a one-sided promise? (4) PENALTIES ONLY ON NON-DELIVERY — does any penalty clause fall on the MAKER who delivers late, and never on YOU the buyer for paying late (a late-payment surcharge on a money-debt being riba)? A product that passes all four is doing what this resolution permits; one that charges you extra for late payment, or leaves the asset vaguely specified, or treats the deal as a money-loan with a service label, is not.
Two honest limits belong on this entry. First, on SOURCES: this is one resolution confirmed across two genuinely different English translations — the Academy's own official English edition (October 2021), used here as the authoritative text, and the older IRTI/IDB printed edition (1985-2000). They agree on the resolution number, session, city, dates and the entire four-clause operative structure; they differ in wording throughout ('Manufacturing Contract' vs 'Manufacture Contracts'; 'must fulfill the following requirements' vs 'must stipulate the following'; 'A specification of the deadline' vs 'The time limit shall be specified'; 'Indeed, Allāh is All-Knowing' vs 'Allah Knows best'), which strengthens confidence in the substance; and — disclosed above — the Academy's own English web page truncates clause 2b, so the completing word 'deadline' is recovered from the official PDF and the IRTI edition rather than guessed. Both are English renderings, not the binding Arabic original. Second, on SCOPE: no madhab-by-madhab breakdown, no vote tally, no market or AUM figure, no hadith number, and no claim about which specific AU/UK/CA/US off-plan or construction-finance product does or does not comply — the four tests are given for the reader to apply, and no product is graded here. The cross-referenced Resolution No. 50 (1/6) is cited only for its verbatim istiṣnāʿ-for-housing point, and Resolution No. 109 (3/12) only for its verbatim penalty-clause line that quotes this resolution; nothing else in those resolutions is asserted.
Wording inside quotation marks is quoted from the source. The rest is this notebook’s summary of it — read the original before relying on it.
Provenance
- Compiled from
- Compiled 2026-07-08 from TWO genuinely different English translations of the SAME primary resolution, cross-read: [1] the INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC FIQH ACADEMY's own OFFICIAL ENGLISH EDITION, 'Resolutions and Recommendations of the International Islamic Fiqh Academy' (official edition, October 2021, published by the Academy at iifa-aifi.org), which prints the ruling as 'Resolution No. 65 (3/7) / Istiṣnāʾ (Manufacturing) Contract', with the session line 'holding its 7th session in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, on 7–12 Dhū al-Qi'dah 1412h (9–14 May 1992)' and the full operative text (the preamble plus the four clauses First–Fourth) — extracted verbatim from the published PDF; and [2] the IRTI/IDB PRINTED EDITION 'Resolutions and Recommendations of the Council of the Islamic Fiqh Academy 1985-2000' (Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah), which prints the same ruling as 'RESOLUTION N° 65/3/7 ON "'AQD ISTISNA'A" (MANUFACTURE CONTRACTS)', with the same 7th session / Jeddah / 7 to 12 Dhul Qi'dah 1412 H (9 - 14 May 1992) and the same four-clause operative structure — extracted verbatim from the published PDF. THESE TWO ARE GENUINELY DIFFERENT TRANSLATIONS, not two printings of one rendering: the official edition titles it 'Istiṣnāʾ (Manufacturing) Contract' (singular) where IRTI titles it '"'Aqd Istisna'a" (Manufacture Contracts)' (plural, and keeping the Arabic 'Aqd = contract); the official 'must fulfill the following requirements' where IRTI has 'must stipulate the following'; the official clause 2b 'A specification of the deadline' where IRTI has 'The time limit shall be specified'; the official clause 3 'it is permissible to defer payment in full or in installments according to predetermined installments and specific deadlines' where IRTI has 'payment may be deferred in full or scheduled according to pre-determined installments and specific due dates'; the official clause 4 'it is permissible to include a penalty clause if both contracting parties agree, unless subject to force majeure' where IRTI has 'may include a penalty clause if so agreed by the two contracting parties, subject to the case of force majeure'; the official closes 'Indeed, Allāh is All-Knowing' where IRTI closes 'Allah Knows best'; and the two letter the requirements differently (a./b. vs a)/b)). This is a STRONG two-source pairing because the substance survives two independent renderings. ONE GENUINE SOURCE DEFECT IS DISCLOSED, NOT PAPERED OVER: the Academy's own English WEB PAGE for this resolution (iifa-aifi.org/en/32445.html) TRUNCATES clause 2b mid-sentence, printing only 'A specification of the' with no completing word; the complete reading 'A specification of the deadline' is taken from the Academy's own official Oct 2021 PDF and is independently corroborated by the IRTI edition's 'The time limit shall be specified' — so the missing word is recovered from primary sources, not guessed. Both editions are English renderings, not the binding Arabic original.
- Source
- PRIMARY RULING (full title, session/city/dates, preamble and the full operative text — the four clauses First–Fourth) from [1] the INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC FIQH ACADEMY (OIC) OFFICIAL ENGLISH EDITION, 'Resolutions and Recommendations of the International Islamic Fiqh Academy' (official edition, October 2021), printing the ruling as 'Resolution No. 65 (3/7) / Istiṣnāʾ (Manufacturing) Contract', 'holding its 7th session in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, on 7–12 Dhū al-Qi'dah 1412h (9–14 May 1992)' — extracted verbatim from the published PDF (https://iifa-aifi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Resolutions-Recommendations-of-the-IIFA-Official-Edition-Oct-2021.pdf), read 2026-07-08. CONFIRMING SECOND, GENUINELY DIFFERENT TRANSLATION from [2] the IRTI/IDB PRINTED EDITION, 'Resolutions and Recommendations of the Council of the Islamic Fiqh Academy 1985-2000' (Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah), printing the same ruling as 'RESOLUTION N° 65/3/7 ON "'AQD ISTISNA'A" (MANUFACTURE CONTRACTS)', same 7th session / Jeddah / 7 to 12 Dhul Qi'dah 1412 H (9 - 14 May 1992) and same four-clause operative structure — extracted verbatim from the published PDF (https://zulkiflihasan.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/majma-fiqh.pdf), read 2026-07-08. THE TWO ARE GENUINELY DIFFERENT TRANSLATIONS ('Manufacturing Contract' vs 'Manufacture Contracts'; 'must fulfill the following requirements' vs 'must stipulate the following'; 'A specification of the deadline' vs 'The time limit shall be specified'; 'it is permissible to defer payment...' vs 'payment may be deferred...'; 'Indeed, Allāh is All-Knowing' vs 'Allah Knows best'; lettering a./b. vs a)/b)) — a strong pairing, since the substance survives two independent renderings. ONE GENUINE SOURCE DEFECT DISCLOSED, NOT PAPERED OVER: the Academy's own English HTML page for this resolution (https://iifa-aifi.org/en/32445.html, read 2026-07-08) TRUNCATES clause 2b mid-sentence to 'A specification of the' with no completing word; the complete reading 'A specification of the deadline' is taken from source [1] (the official Oct 2021 PDF) and independently corroborated by source [2] (the IRTI edition's 'The time limit shall be specified'), so the missing word is recovered from primary sources rather than supplied. NO fabrication: no madhab-by-madhab tally, no vote count, no hadith number, no market/AUM/named-fund figure, and no product graded. The verbatim penalty-clause riba limit is taken from the Academy's later Resolution No. 109 (3/12) 'Penalty Clause' (12th session), read verbatim from the same official IIFA edition and re-confirmed in the IRTI/IDB edition; the verbatim istiṣnāʿ-for-housing point is taken from Resolution No. 50 (1/6), read verbatim from both the same official IIFA edition and the IRTI/IDB edition.
- School / basis
- Cross-madhab / collective-ijtihad (the International Islamic Fiqh Academy of the OIC is a supra-madhab body of assembled senior scholars; its resolutions represent collective ijtihad rather than a single school's position). Resolution No. 65 (3/7), 7th session, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 7–12 Dhū al-Qiʿdah 1412h (9–14 May 1992). Operative content, verbatim from the Academy's official English edition (Oct 2021). PREAMBLE (relevance): 'Having noted that Istiṣnāʾ contract plays an important role in stimulating industries and in paving the way for broad opportunities for financing and promoting the Islamic economy'. FIRST (binding sale): 'Istiṣnāʾ contract, which has been mentioned with regard to work and goods on credit, is binding on both parties if it meets the basic requirements and conditions.' SECOND (anti-gharar specification): 'The Istiṣnāʾ contract must fulfill the following requirements: a. A clear statement of the nature, type, amount and required specifications of the product to be manufactured. b. A specification of the deadline.' THIRD (financing seam — deferrable price): 'In the Istiṣnāʾ contract, it is permissible to defer payment in full or in installments according to predetermined installments and specific deadlines.' FOURTH (penalty clause): 'In the Istiṣnāʾ contract, it is permissible to include a penalty clause if both contracting parties agree, unless subject to force majeure.' Close: 'Indeed, Allāh is All-Knowing.' The IRTI/IDB edition confirms the same operative content in a genuinely different translation ('"'Aqd Istisna'a" (Manufacture Contracts)'; First identical in substance; Second 'must stipulate the following: a) The nature, type, amount and required specifications of the product to be manufactured. b) The time limit shall be specified.'; Third 'payment may be deferred in full or scheduled according to pre-determined installments and specific due dates.'; Fourth 'may include a penalty clause if so agreed by the two contracting parties, subject to the case of force majeure.'; close 'Allah Knows best.'). PENALTY-CLAUSE RIBA LIMIT, verbatim from the Academy's later Resolution No. 109 (3/12) on the Penalty Clause (which by name 'confirms' this resolution): 'It is permissible to include a penalty clause in all financial contracts except when the original commitment is a debt. The imposition of a penalty clause in debt contracts is usurious in the strict sense. Accordingly, it is permissible, for instance, to make a penalty clause on the contractor in the construction contract, the supplier in supply contracts and the manufacturer in Istina contracts if they fail to or delay in meeting their commitments. It is not permissible, for instance, to make a penalty clause in Installment Sale on a debtor who delays the payment of unpaid installments... It is also not permissible to impose such a clause in the Istisna contract on a purchaser who fails to meet his obligations.' HOME-FINANCE APPLICATION, verbatim from Resolution No. 50 (1/6) point d: 'The house can also be acquired through the contract of Istiṣnāʿ on the basis that it is binding to the parties. In this contract, the purchase of a house can be completed before it is built, provided that the specifications of the house are minutely enumerated in the contract, not leaving any vagueness which can lead to disputes. In this case, payment of price in cash and in full is not necessary, rather, it is permissible to defer the payment of price to such installments as may be agreed upon, keeping in mind all the conditions prescribed for Istisna according to the fiqh scholars who distinguished it from the contract of Salam.' Load-bearing for THIS site as the PRIMARY OIC anchor of the OFF-PLAN / construction / manufacturing sale, completing the sale-contract coverage alongside murabaha (Res 40-41) and ijarah lease-to-own (Res 110). Presented faithfully to scope: no madhab-by-madhab tally, no vote count, no hadith number, no market/AUM figure, and no product graded. SOURCE DEFECT DISCLOSED: the Academy's own English web page (iifa-aifi.org/en/32445.html) truncates clause 2b to 'A specification of the'; the completing word 'deadline' is taken from the official Oct 2021 PDF and corroborated by the IRTI edition's 'The time limit shall be specified' — recovered from primary sources, not guessed.
- Captured
- 2026-07-08
- Added
- 2026-07-08
- Trust
- Primary or near-primary source with a stable public URL.
Compiler’s note
The corpus's NINTH article anchored on a genuine PRIMARY OIC / International Islamic Fiqh Academy resolution read verbatim, and the one that COMPLETES the primary-source coverage of the three sale-based financing contracts the site's own halal home-finance guidance leans on: murabaha (Res 40-41), ijarah / lease-to-own (Res 110) and now istiṣnāʿ (Res 65). WHY THIS ONE: istiṣnāʿ is the make-to-order sale — the direct Shariah basis for buying an OFF-PLAN home before it is built and for construction / manufacturing / project finance — and its primary OIC ruling had no dedicated verbatim entry (only a general mechanics explainer, istisna-manufacturing-construction-finance.json, which covers the salam contrast and staged financing but quotes NO primary resolution and is not anchored on IIFA; grep-confirmed the new entry is distinct). Resolution No. 65 (3/7) hands an ordinary reader a four-point halal-test for any 'Islamic off-plan / construction / manufacturing' finance: (1) SPECIFICATION — the good and a deadline are pinned down (clause 2), so no gharar; (2) A PRICE NOT INTEREST — the price of a real described asset, lawfully deferrable or paid in instalments (clause 3), is the maker's margin, not interest on money lent; (3) BINDING BOTH WAYS — a genuine two-sided sale, not a one-sided promise (clause 1); (4) PENALTIES ONLY ON NON-DELIVERY — a penalty may fall on the MAKER who delivers late but NEVER on a buyer who pays late, per the Academy's own Res 109 (3/12), because a surcharge on a money-debt 'is usurious in the strict sense'. GEM: the penalty-clause riba distinction is DIRECTLY sourced, not reasoned — Res 109 quotes THIS resolution by name and then rules 'It is not permissible... to impose such a clause in the Istisna contract on a purchaser who fails to meet his obligations.' TWO GENUINELY DIFFERENT English translations of the SAME resolution cross-read — the GOLD-STANDARD pairing (same standard as Res 110 and Res 30): [1] the Academy's OWN OFFICIAL ENGLISH EDITION (Oct 2021 PDF), used as authoritative text, and [2] the older IRTI/IDB printed edition (1985-2000), both carrying this 1992 resolution in full so the pairing is reproducible; the translations differ throughout (Manufacturing vs Manufacture, 'must fulfill the following requirements' vs 'must stipulate the following', 'A specification of the deadline' vs 'The time limit shall be specified', 'Indeed, Allāh is All-Knowing' vs 'Allah Knows best'), so the substance survives two independent renderings. ONE GENUINE SOURCE DEFECT DISCLOSED, NOT HIDDEN (built into title/author/text/madhab/source): the Academy's own English WEB PAGE (iifa-aifi.org/en/32445.html) truncates clause 2b to 'A specification of the' with no completing word — the completing word 'deadline' is recovered from the official Oct 2021 PDF and independently corroborated by the IRTI edition's 'The time limit shall be specified', so it is sourced, not guessed. This is the no-fabrication discipline modelled at the level of a single missing word. TRUST 'high' (numbered/dated PRIMARY OIC resolution verified verbatim in the Academy's own official English edition and re-confirmed in a second, independently-worded printed edition; sole caveat = both are English translations, not the binding Arabic). DELIBERATELY DROPPED per no-fab: (a) any madhab-by-madhab breakdown or vote tally; (b) any hadith number; (c) any market/AUM/named-fund figure; (d) any claim about which specific AU/UK/CA/US off-plan or construction-finance product complies (the four tests are given for the reader to apply, no product graded); (e) anything from the cross-referenced Res 50 (1/6), Res 109 (3/12), Res 51 (2/6) or Res 85 (2/9) beyond the verbatim lines quoted. The two cross-references (Res 50's istiṣnāʿ-for-housing point d and Res 109's penalty-clause riba limit) are included because each is exactly where THIS resolution's contract touches the reader's real question (buying an unbuilt home; not being surcharged for late payment); both were read verbatim from the same two editions. FRESHNESS-HONEST: a 1992 resolution — nothing time-sensitive; its date is stated explicitly, and the istiṣnāʿ principles it fixes are still the live foundation of Islamic off-plan and construction finance. JSON-only per the established article convention (content/articles/*.json feed app/lib/corpus.ts via readdirSync + the /corpus stats badge + Phase-2 retrieval; NOT rendered as individual routed cards), so no SourceCard/route/href added and internal-link integrity is unaffected. Articles 72->73. PUNCH-LIST FULLY TICKED; build/lint re-confirmed green after this entry; this entry completes the sale-contract triangle (murabaha + ijarah + istiṣnāʿ) underpinning the site's halal home-finance guidance in the corpus's primary-OIC coverage.
Topics
islamic-financeribaprohibition-of-ribaistisnaistisnaamanufacturing-contractmanufacture-contractmake-to-orderoff-planoff-plan-financeconstruction-financeproject-financehome-financehome-acquisitionsale-contractforward-salesalamdeferred-paymentinstallment-salepenalty-clauselate-payment-penaltyghararspecificationbinding-contractresolution-65resolution-50resolution-109resolution-51resolution-85manufacturercontractorsuppliersubstance-over-formoicorganisation-of-islamic-cooperationinternational-islamic-fiqh-academyiifafiqh-academyprimary-sourcecollective-ijtihadshariah-rulingislamic-bankingjeddah-1992
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